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Weekly Focus: War in the Middle East Could Push the Fed to Monetary Tightening

S&P 500 broad market index futures rose by 0.56% to 6,006 points this week, recovering after Friday’s sharp sell-off, when the benchmark dropped 1.0% to 5,973 following Israel’s strikes against Iran. The geopolitical shock sparked fears of an oil supply disruption, sending Brent crude prices surging by 11.6% to $78.71 per barrel. Over the weekend, strikes continued between the two countries, though emerging signals of Iran’s willingness to negotiate helped ease market concerns.

Oil prices climbed again on Monday, reaching $78.15 per barrel of Brent crude, but further gains may be limited unless the conflict escalates further. The market is adjusting to the new price range, with strong resistance now established at $76.00–78.00. A significant trigger — such as Iran attempting to close the Strait of Hormuz, a crucial passageway for over 20% of global oil exports — could push prices towards $86.00–88.00, potentially ending the current downtrend and setting up a bullish trajectory with a base target of $100.00 per barrel.

The spike in oil prices has narrowed the room for monetary easing by the Federal Reserve. If crude continues to rise, the probability of a rate cut in 2025 may diminish. This outlook could shift only in the case of a major downturn in the U.S. stock market — a scenario few currently expect. Therefore, at the first sign of de-escalation in the Middle East, the S&P 500 rebounded. The benchmark held support above 5,940 points and is now making another attempt to reach 6,040. A breakout above this key level would pave the way towards the extreme upside target of 6,300–6,400 points.

Large investors showed strong buying interest last week, though this data predates the Israeli attack. Net inflows into the SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust (SPY) totaled $7.13 billion — a robust figure, especially for the summer period. Without the geopolitical shock, the positioning could have signaled a confident bet on a new all-time high. No data has yet been released for Friday’s flows, but optimism persists that inflows continued despite the turmoil.

Investors are now closely watching key U.S. macroeconomic releases. On Tuesday, retail sales data will be published, and following the recent slowdown in inflation, a decline in consumer spending appears likely. Retail sales are forecasted to contract by 0.6% month-over-month. If confirmed, this would give the Fed room to maintain a more balanced stance during Wednesday’s policy meeting. The Fed will also unveil an updated dot plot for interest rates. While rising oil prices add inflationary pressure, clear signs of economic slowdown must also be taken into account.

In this complex environment, a balanced approach by the Fed seems prudent. A continued recovery in the S&P 500 toward 6,040 is possible. However, a more hawkish tone from policymakers could trigger a pullback to 5,940, potentially signaling the start of a bearish reversal. On the other hand, dovish commentary might open the door for a breakout above 6,040 and an advance toward higher levels.

Technically, the S&P 500 remains in an uptrend. Futures are trading within the bullish formation that previously targeted 5,940–6,040. With the benchmark holding above 5,940, the odds of an upward move to 6,040 remain high. A breakout would activate the scenario pointing toward 6,300–6,400. Failure to stabilize above 5,940, however, would likely lead to a retreat toward the 5,840–5,860 zone and potentially a reversal into a downtrend.

Oil markets remain on edge. Brent prices have broken through resistance at $67.00–69.00 and surged to the next technical ceiling at $76.00–78.00. From here, a pullback to $69.00 is possible unless further escalation — such as direct U.S. involvement in strikes against Iran — triggers a breakout toward $86.00–88.00.

Gold, meanwhile, has benefited from the Middle East tensions. The breakout above resistance at $3,330–3,350 per troy ounce was immediate following Israel’s strike. Prices spiked to $3,430–3,450, but failed to sustain momentum and have since retreated to $3,412. Despite recent gains, downside risks remain elevated, and the base scenario still suggests a pullback toward $3,030–3,050 per ounce.

In currency markets, the U.S. Dollar weakened, falling to key support levels. Following softer-than-expected inflation data, the EURUSD broke above its November 2021 peak at 1.15730 and climbed to 1.16310, suggesting a renewed bullish phase. A reversal may be on the horizon, with the Federal Reserve’s meeting and European Central Bank President Christine Lagarde’s speech on Thursday likely to influence the next move.